Formula First 10 kg → 100 mL/kg/day Next 10 kg → 50 mL/kg/day Each kg beyond 20 → 20 mL/kg/day
Hourly = Daily ÷ 24

Reference Holliday MA, Segar WE. The maintenance need for water in parenteral fluid therapy. Pediatrics. 1957;19(5):823–832.

Formula Volume (mL) = Weight (kg) × Dose (mL/kg)

Reference APLS / PALS Guidelines. Standard isotonic crystalloid bolus is typically 10–20 mL/kg. Adjust based on clinical context.

Formula Deficit (mL) = Weight (kg) × % dehydration × 10 Total = Deficit + 24h Maintenance Hourly = Total ÷ 24

Reference Holliday-Segar for maintenance. Dehydration percentages per WHO/AAP clinical assessment guidelines. Replace deficit over 24–48h per clinical judgment.

Formula % Loss = ((Birth wt - Current wt) / Birth wt) × 100 Normal physiologic loss: up to 7–10% in first week.

Reference AAP Newborn Nursery Guidelines. Neonates typically regain birth weight by 10–14 days.

Formula Weeks premature = 40 - GA at birth Corrected age = Chronological age - weeks premature

Reference AAP Committee on Fetus and Newborn. Corrected age used for developmental assessment until 2–3 years in preterm infants (<37 weeks GA).

Method Thresholds derived from AAP 2004 hyperbilirubinemia guidelines (Bhutani nomogram). Risk-stratified by gestational age and neurotoxicity risk factors (isoimmune haemolytic disease, G6PD deficiency, asphyxia, significant lethargy, temperature instability, sepsis, albumin <3g/dL).

Reference AAP Subcommittee on Hyperbilirubinemia. Management of Hyperbilirubinemia in the Newborn Infant 35 or More Weeks of Gestation. Pediatrics. 2004;114(1):297–316.

References WHO Child Growth Standards: de Onis M et al. WHO Multicentre Growth Reference Study. 2006.

CDC Growth Charts: Kuczmarski RJ et al. Vital Health Stat. 2002.

Saudi charts: to be added.

Formulas Mosteller: sqrt(Ht x Wt / 3600) DuBois: 0.007184 x Ht^0.725 x Wt^0.425 Haycock: 0.024265 x Ht^0.3964 x Wt^0.5378

Reference Mosteller RD. N Engl J Med. 1987. Haycock GB et al. J Pediatr. 1978.

Formula Uncuffed ID = (Age/4) + 4 Cuffed ID = (Age/4) + 3.5 Depth (cm) = (Age/2) + 12

Reference APLS / PALS Guidelines. Cole F. Pediatric formulas for the anesthesiologist. AMA J Dis Child. 1957. Use with clinical judgment; smaller tubes may be needed for anatomic variation.

Formula APLS (1–5 yrs): (Age + 4) × 2 APLS (6–12 yrs): Age × 3 BEST (1–10 yrs): (Age × 3) + 7

Reference Advanced Paediatric Life Support (APLS) 5th edition. Luscombe M, Owens B. Weight estimation in resuscitation. Emerg Med J. 2007. BEST formula: Theron L et al. 2005.

Classification (AAP 2017) Normal < 90th percentile Elevated 90th – <95th percentile Stage 1 HTN ≥95th percentile OR ≥130/80 (whichever is lower) AND < 95th+12 mmHg Stage 2 HTN ≥95th+12 mmHg OR ≥140/90 Height percentile derived from CDC 2000 LMS growth charts and used to look up the age/sex/height-specific BP threshold from the AAP 2017 normative tables.

Reference Flynn JT, Kaelber DC, Baker-Smith CM, et al. Clinical Practice Guideline for Screening and Management of High Blood Pressure in Children and Adolescents. Pediatrics. 2017;140(3):e20171904.